They are replacing us: what is the Great Replacement, the racist idea that unleashes fear of immigration in Europe


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The Trump Administration officially incorporates the ‘great replacement’ conspiracy theory into its National Security strategy, warning about the “erasure of civilization” in Europe due to immigration.

The document accuses the European Union of censoring freedom of expression, suppressing political opposition and losing national identities and trust, arguing that Europe could be unrecognizable in 20 years.

Trump makes the fight against immigration a central axis of his mandate, associating it with the increase in crime and applying policies such as asylum restrictions and mass deportations.

The ‘great replacement’ theory, without a scientific basis, is used by far-right leaders and has been linked to several attacks and mass shootings in Europe and the United States.

The Administration Trump takes over far-right and conspiratorial thesis of the so-called ‘great replacement’ with which until now the movement flirted MAGA and some of his main advisors were in communion.

In an official document signed by the Republican himself, nothing more and nothing less than the United States National Security Strategythe US Government warns of “erased from civilization” in Europe due to its migration policies and the supposed censorship of the European Union (EU) to freedom of expression and even political opposition.

In the 33-page text, the Trump Administration promotes the ‘great replacement’ theory, according to which there is a plan devised by political and economic elites to turn the white population into a minority being replaced by immigrants.

A conspiracy, which despite not having any scientific rigor, is often used by far-right and populists from the old continent such as Marine Le Pen, Viktor Orbán, Santiago Abascal o Alternative for Germany or the American alt-right to charge against the immigration and the multiculturalism.

The US National Security Strategy, described by Trump as a roadmap to guarantee American supremacy, takes a heavy toll on its European allies.

For Washington, the Economic problems in Europe are overshadowed “by the real and starker prospect of an erasure of civilization” and warns that if these “current trends continue, the continent will be unrecognizable in 20 years or less.”

Among the main problems highlighted by the Trump Administration are the “activities of the European Union and other organizations that undermine political freedom and sovereignty; immigration policies that are transforming the continent and creating conflicts; censorship of freedom of expression and suppression of political opposition; he plummeting birth rates and loss of national identities and self-confidence.

The Republican Government calls into question the ability of European countries to continue as “reliable allies” if they do not have “strong enough” economies and armies.

We want Europe to remain Europeana, to regain its confidence in itself as a civilization and to abandon its failed focus on regulatory asphyxiation,” adds the document, which ensures that the United States’ objective “should be to help Europe correct its current trajectory.”

“A large European majority wants peace, but that desire is not translated into policies, largely due to the subversion of democratic processes by those governments. “This is strategically important for the United States precisely because European states cannot reform if they are caught in a political crisis,” Trump’s document states.

The document also warns about the possibility that in “a few decades at most”, some NATO members “will have a non-European majority”, which is why it questions whether they will be governed by the bloc’s principles.

The crusade against immigration

Although it is the first time that the ‘great replacement’ sneaks into an official document coming out of the White House, Trump and some of his main advisors had already incorporated this conspiracy theory into their language to attack their European allies.

The last time, on September 23, when Trump took advantage of his first speech before the United Nations General Assembly since 2020, to warn Europe that Immigration is “destroying their heritage” and ruining their countries.

The Republican described immigration and climate change policies as a “double-tailed monster” that is ruining the European continent. “It’s time to end the failed experiment of open borders. It must be ended right now. I assure you, I am very good at these things. Your countries are going to ruin,” Trump said.

Months earlier, at the Munich Security Conference held in February, Vice President J.D. Vance He angered European allies by urging the main political parties of the old continent to end the isolation of far-right groups and denouncing restrictions on freedom of expression.

Trump has turned the fight against immigration in one of the axes of his second term, both in his speech and in the measures adopted. Among them are the declaration of emergency on the border with Mexico, the almost total closure of asylum on the southern border, the drastic reduction in the admission of refugees, the acceleration of deportation flights and the sending of immigrants to third countries, such as the Bukele megaprison in El Salvador.

The Republican has taken his offensive against illegal immigration, which he links to the increase in crime, to the streets of several major American cities, the majority in the hands of Democrats, with the deployment of National Guard troops and federal agents to carry out mega raids.

File image of federal agents detaining an immigrant allegedly without documentation.

File image of federal agents detaining an immigrant allegedly without documentation.

Reuters

This theory of the ‘great replacement’ frames the Trump Government’s reception of a small group of Afrikaners, considering them victims of a “white genocide” in South Africa, of which there is no evidence either because it is a hoax.

The evolution of the ‘great replacement’

The so-called “great replacement” theory is a far-right racist conspiracy which maintains that white Western populations are being deliberately displaced by non-white minorities through immigration and demographic changes, an idea that has become intertwined with the MAGA universe in the United States.

Despite not having any empirical basis, often used as a mobilizing story to justify nativist, anti-immigration and authoritarian policies by far-right and populist formations.

The modern concept of ‘great replacement’ is formulated by the French writer Renaud Camus around 2010–2012, stating that there would be a plan to replace the white and Christian European population with non-European immigrants, especially Muslims and Africans.

This narrative revisits older myths of white nationalism, such asl fear of “white genocide” and obsession with ethnic purity.​

Although it had been circulating in neo-fascist circles for some time, the ‘great replacement’ conspiracy theory spread among the European extreme right, especially after the 2015 refugee crisis, becoming another of its main cultural battles to try to achieve ideological hegemony.

It is at that time when the conspiracy theory takes a new turn after incorporating a new element by placing the Jewish financier George Soros as the person who would be behind this supposed ‘great replacement’ operation.

The theory was embraced and frequently used in their rallies under other terms such as ‘remigration’, ‘invasion’ or ’emergency’ by the main leaders of the European extreme right such as Marine Le Pen, Matteo Salvini, Viktor Orbán or Santiago Abascal, as well as by leaders of the American alt-right such as Steve Bannon.

Family photo from the first Patriots summit held in Madrid last February.

Family photo from the first Patriots summit held in Madrid last February.

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Beyond hate speech, several far-right attacks and mass shootings have been explicitly linked to this theory conspiratorial.

Among the most cited cases are the massacres of Christchurch (New Zealand, 2019), where a white supremacist murdered 51 people in two mosques after spreading a manifesto titled precisely The Great Replacementand the El Paso attack (United States, 2019), where the author killed 23 people in a shopping center claiming that he wanted to stop the “Hispanic invasion” of Texas.​

The shooting in a supermarket in Buffalo (United States, 2022), in which ten black people died, and other attacks such as those in Oslo and the isla de Utøya in Norway (2011), where Anders Breivik murdered 77 people after spreading a manifesto that combined white supremacy and fear of demographic replacement.

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